![]() At times snake only bite without envenoming called as "defence bite or dry bite" while the bite with envenoming is called as the "professional bite". Most snakes inject 10% of the available venom in a single strike except the Russell's viper which injects 75% of stored venom in one bite due to big long sharp curved fangs. Snake can bite and continue to secrete venom a number of times in succession. It is quite clear that snake venom is not a substance evolved to attack man or any big vertebrates. As oppose to light colored skin because of low body temperature, the venom is thick and hence less amount is injected at the time of envenoming. Because of the rise in body temperature of dark skin (poor conductor of heat) snake, the venom is in more fluid state and injected rapidly with high speed and maximum quantity in a short time during envenoming. Darker the snake, it secretes more venom as compared to a light colored. ![]() Venom secretion in all venomous snakes appears to vary in seasons more in warmer months with high morbidity and fatality. A pair of salivary glands secretes a powerful multipurpose enzyme fluid (venom) that flow at the time of envenoming through fine channeled or grooved teeth called fangs. Snakes are cold-blooded, highly specialized animals. Table 2: Characteristics of different snakes įigure 1: Different types of snakes, (a) and (b) Cobra, (c) and (d) krait, (e) Russell's Viper, (f) and (g) is saw scaled viper and its fangsīiochemistry, Physiological, and Pathology of Envenoming Table 1: Risk factors involved in accidental snake envenoming gives the characteristics of various snakes. highlights the risk factors predisposing to snake bites. During monsoon season, fatal snake bites are common to feature in local newspaper]. Recently, venomous viper called hope nosed viper is reported from Cochin region. The major families of poisonous snakes in India are Elapid which includes common cobra ( Naja naja), king cobra and common krait ( Bungarus caerulus, Banded krait, Sind krait), viperidae (Russell's viper), Echis carinatus (saw-scaled or carpet viper), and pit viper and hydrophiidae (sea snakes). Of more than 3000 known species of snakes, only about 300 are venomous and in India there are about 216 identifiable species of snakes, of which 52 are known to be poisonous. ![]() Mono-specific antivenom producers in India should be encouraged to prepare antivenom from venom obtained from snakes caught from relevant areas of the country, Snake-venom antigen detection Kits should be made available. It is the surprise to note that snake bite poisoning is seldom mentioned as a priority for health research in the developing country like India. , Newly posted or inexperienced doctors and inadequate facilities at primary health center (PHC), ignorance of conventional treatment of snake bite by doctors further delays appropriate treatment of victims and contribute to increasing morbidity and mortality. More than 2,000,000 snake bites are reported in the country, and it is estimated that >50000 people die of snakebite each year. In the rural area, snake bite poisoning is a leading cause of death of young earning member of the family. Poisoning by venomous snake bite is a common acute life-threatening, time-limiting medical emergency. Envenoming by poisonous animals (snakes, scorpions, wasps, ants, and spiders) is an occupational hazard often faced by farmers, farm laborers, hunters, and shepherds of tropical and subtropical countries. Snake envenoming is a disease of poverty. J Mahatma Gandhi Inst Med Sci 2015 20:5-14. How to cite this URL: Bawaskar H S, Bawaskar P H. J Mahatma Gandhi Inst Med Sci 2015 20:5-14 How to cite this article: Bawaskar H S, Bawaskar P H. Keywords: Antisnake-venom, cobra, krait, snake bite, viper Early administration of the appropriate dose of potent snake antivenom along with adjuvant treatment, proper care of the wound, correcting electrolyte imbalance, tissue oxygenation, and maintenance of adequate nutrition may help rapid recovery. Rapid diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic disorders, neurorespiratory, renal, and hemodynamic failure subsequent to snake bite and their rapid interventions saves life. Envenoming by venomous snake evokes a life-threatening response.
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